How do bacterial plant pathogens typically enter plant tissues?

Bacterial plant pathogens typically enter plant tissues through natural openings or wounds. This method allows them to bypass the plant's first line of defense—the physical barrier provided by intact cell walls. Natural openings include stomata and hydathodes, which are designed to facilitate gas exchange and excess water release, respectively. When these openings are present, it provides a direct entry point for bacteria.

Additionally, wounds inflicted by environmental factors, herbivores, or mechanical injury also serve as potential gateways for bacterial invasion. Once bacteria penetrate through these pathways, they can colonize and infect the plant tissue, leading to disease development.

While some bacteria may enter through stomata specifically, the broader category of both natural openings and wounds encompasses all the ways bacteria can gain entry. This makes the selection of the answer that includes both avenues the most comprehensive and accurate choice.